Translation:
In the capital of Kyoto I have been serving as an official for a long time but I lack clever strategies to assist the king. I only praise the fat and delicious fish by the river waiting for the day when the Yellow River becomes clear but I don't know when that will be. Thinking of Cai Ze's unfulfilled ambitions I want to find Tang Ju to read my fortune and solve my doubts. I know that the ways of heaven are subtle and unpredictable so I want to follow the fisherman and find joy in the mountains and rivers. I want to leave behind the polluted society and separate myself from worldly affairs for a long time.
It is a beautiful early spring season with mild weather and clear skies. The highlands and lowlands are covered with lush trees and abundant weeds. The fish hawks fly low over the water and the yellow orioles sing melodiously on the branches. The mandarin ducks on the river intertwine their necks and flocks of birds soar in the sky. The chirping sounds are delightful and pleasant. I am carefree in this spring scenery which makes me feel happy.
So I sing like a dragon roaring by the lake and recite poetry like a tiger roaring on a small hill. I shoot arrows into the clouds and cast fishing lines into the river. Birds fall dead from my arrows and fish get hooked because of their greed. Geese fall from the sky and fish are caught in the water.
Before long the sun sets in the west and the bright moon rises. I have been enjoying myself to the fullest and I am not tired even though it is night. Thinking of Laozi's admonition I should return to my humble abode. Playing the five-stringed qin with beautiful finger techniques reading the books of sages with endless pleasure. Writing with a pen displaying my literary talent and narrating the teachings of ancient sage kings. As long as I stay outside of the world I don't care about glory or shame.
Annotations:
都邑: Refers to the capital city of Luoyang during the Eastern Han Dynasty. 永: Long. 久: Staying for a long time. This sentence means that the speaker has been staying in the capital city for a long time.
明略: Clever strategies. This sentence means that the speaker lacks clever strategies to assist the king.
徒临川以羡鱼: According to Shuo Lin Xun in Huainanzi it means standing by the river and envying the fish it is better to go home and weave a net. The use of this phrase indicates that the speaker's desire to assist the ruler is in vain. 徒: In vain futile. 羡: Desire.
俟: Wait. 河清: When the Yellow River becomes clear ancient people believed it was a sign of political clarity. This sentence means waiting for political clarity which is unpredictable.
蔡子: Refers to Cai Ze a person from the state of Yan during the Warring States period. It is recorded in Records of the Grand Historian volume 79. 慷慨: A brave person who is unable to achieve his ambitions.
唐生: Refers to Tang Ju a person from the state of Liang during the Warring States period. 决疑: Asking someone to read one's fortune to resolve doubts about one's future. Cai Ze when he was still unknown asked Tang Ju to read his fortune. Later he became a prime minister of the state of Qin replacing Fan Sui.
谅: Indeed. 微昧: Obscure hidden.
渔父: According to Wang Yi's Commentary on the Fisherman Chapter in Song Hongxing's Supplement to the Chu Ci The fisherman avoids the world and enjoys fishing by the river.
《归田赋》译文及注释详情»
创作背景:此篇赋作于汉顺帝永和三年(138年),作者当时担任河间相的职务。在这个时期,作者深感到朝政腐败,阉竖当道,豪强横行,纲纪全然失去,社会秩序混乱。作者自己既无法等待河清乎未期,又没有明智的策略来辅佐时政。因此,他从《思玄赋》中所表达的精神反抗中领悟到“徒临川以羡鱼,不如退而织网”的道理,决心超越尘埃,远离世事。这篇赋表达了作者对当时社会现状的不满和对自身处境的思考,以及他选择离开世俗的决心。 《归田赋》创作背景详情»
这篇分层解析主要围绕着张衡仕宦一生的感慨与情志展开。全文可以分为四层。
第一层是写自己功业难就,决心抽身退隐。作者通过引用《史记》中蔡泽与唐举的典故,表达了自己对于时世的失望和对于归隐生活的向往。他感慨自己再也无法见到太平盛世,也没有机会建功立业,只能黯然离去。
第二层是写自己归田后的欣喜心情。作者描述了美好的自然景色,以及自己忘却世事烦恼的心情。他似乎要超脱尘埃,与世事长辞。
第三层是转折,感情的曲线再次跌入深渊。作者在描述渔猎时,没有写其中的乐趣,而是强调了其中的险恶和倾轧,表达了自己对于宦海浮沉的悲愤与心酸。
最后一段是真正的旷达语。作者引用老子的遗诫,强调了节制田猎和加强自我修养的重要性。他通过沉浸于美妙的音乐和深奥的典籍中,阐明圣则,并以老庄的哲学来武装自己,达到了齐荣辱、忘得失的境界,心安理得地生活。
《归田赋》分层解析详情»
它不仅是赋体文学的转折点,也是小赋的开创者。通过寥寥几笔勾勒出的春光明媚、鸟语花香的自然景色,表达了对归田生活的向往,同时也暗示了对官场龌龊的厌恶。这种情景交融的表达方式,清新优美的语言,使得《归田赋》一直深受人们的喜爱。
《归田赋》的另一个特色是多用典故。作者张衡巧妙地引用了《淮南子·说林训》、《左传·襄公八年》、《史记·范雎蔡泽列传》、《楚辞·渔父》等典故,使得赋文内容更加丰富。这些典故大多为人们所熟悉,不晦涩难懂,使得《归田赋》更具可读性。
此外,《归田赋》还运用了一些修辞方法,如叠韵、重复、双关等,形象地描绘了田园山林的和谐欢快、神和气清的景色。同时,这些修辞方法也反映了作者畅游山林、悠闲自得的心情,颇含自戒之意。
总的来说,《归田赋》与先前的汉大赋有着明显的不同。它不再追求气势的铺排、辞藻的堆砌,而更类似于四六句骈文,开创了小赋的先河。《归田赋》在我国文学史上占有重要的地位,它代表了赋体文学的转折点,也为小赋的发展奠定了基础。从魏晋到唐宋,许多作家都在《归田赋》的基础上进行创作,丰富了文苑。
《归田赋》鉴赏详情»
张衡的作品对现实进行了否定与批评,同时探讨了人生的哲理和理想生活空间。他通过描写田园环境和心境与官场仕途形成对比,表达了对闲逸生活的向往和追求自由的心理。《归田赋》是中国文学史上第一篇描写田园隐居乐趣的作品,也是汉代第一篇成熟的骈体赋,具有重要的意义。
虽然《思玄赋》和《归田赋》在表现手法上有所不同,但它们的精神实质是一致的。这些赋篇中的描写游仙和归田都是用来排遣精神上的苦闷,而不是真的追求隐逸。赋家们身处仕途,却蔑视功名,不受官场勾心斗角的困扰,向往闲逸生活,追求人身的自由,这是《思玄赋》和《归田赋》共同的心理根源。
张衡的《归田赋》可以说是散体抒情小赋的先驱。之后出现了赵壹的《刺世疾邪赋》、祢衡的《鹦鹉赋》、王粲的《登楼赋》、曹植的《洛神赋》、向秀的《思旧赋》、陶渊明的《悲士不遇赋》等作品,它们都具有同样的特点,将赋从僵死滞重的困境中解救出来,开辟了一个具有生命力的新天地。其中,《归田赋》对后世影响最大、最直接的要算陶渊明的《归去来兮辞》了。可以说,《归去来兮辞》在构思、命意、手法上都直接受到《归田赋》的启示,只不过写得更成熟、更深刻、更成功、更富有个性化和文学色彩罢了。
《归田赋》影响详情»
张衡(78-139),字平子,汉族,南阳西鄂(今河南南阳市石桥镇)人。他是我国东汉时期的伟大学者,涉猎广泛,包括天文学、数学、发明、地理学、制图学和文学等领域。他在汉朝担任过尚书的职位,为我国天文学、机械技术和地震学的发展做出了重要贡献。
张衡的贡献主要体现在以下几个方面:
1. 天文学:张衡在天文学方面有很高的造诣,他研究了天体运行规律,提出了一些关于日月食和星象的理论。他还发明了浑天仪,这是一种用来观测天体运动的仪器,对后世的天文观测有很大影响。
2. 机械技术:张衡在机械技术方面也有很多创新。他发明了世界上最早的地震仪,可以用来检测地震的方向和强度。他还发明了水力驱动的自动门,这是古代机械技术的重要突破。
3. 地理学和制图学:张衡对地理学和制图学也有深入研究。他绘制了一幅精确的地图,标注了各个地区的山川河流,为后世的地理研究提供了重要参考。
4. 文学和学术:张衡还是一位杰出的文学家和学者。他的文学作品流传至今,包括《平子论》和《西京杂记》等。他的学术研究涉及多个领域,对当时的学术界有很大影响。
张衡的贡献被广泛认可,他的名字也被永久地铭刻在太阳系中的一个小行星上,以表彰他在天文学领域的杰出成就。