原文: 虑天下者,常图其所难而忽其所易,备其所可畏而遗其所不疑。
然而,祸常发于所忽之中,而乱常起于不足疑之事。
岂其虑之未周欤?盖虑之所能及者,人事之宜然,而出于智力之所不及者,天道也。
当秦之世,而灭诸侯,一天下。
而其心以为周之亡在乎诸侯之强耳,变封建而为郡县。
方以为兵革不可复用,天子之位可以世守,而不知汉帝起陇亩之中,而卒亡秦之社稷。
汉惩秦之孤立,于是大建庶孽而为诸侯,以为同姓之亲,可以相继而无变,而七国萌篡弑之谋。
武、宣以后,稍削析之而分其势,以为无事矣,而王莽卒移汉祚。
光武之惩哀、平,魏之惩汉,晋之惩魏,各惩其所由亡而为之备。
而其亡也,盖出于所备之外。
唐太宗闻武氏之杀其子孙,求人于疑似之际而除之,而武氏日侍其左右而不悟。
宋太祖见五代方镇之足以制其君,尽释其兵权,使力弱而易制,而不知子孙卒困于敌国。
此其人皆有出人之智、盖世之才,其于治乱存亡之几,思之详而备之审矣。
虑切于此而祸兴于彼,终至乱亡者,何哉?盖智可以谋人,而不可以谋天。
良医之子,多死于病;良巫之子,多死于鬼。
岂工于活人,而拙于谋子也哉?乃工于谋人,而拙于谋天也。
古之圣人,知天下后世之变,非智虑之所能周,非法术之所能制,不敢肆其私谋诡计,而唯积至诚,用大德以结乎天心,使天眷其德,若慈母之保赤子而不忍释。
故其子孙,虽有至愚不肖者足以亡国,而天卒不忍遽亡之。
此虑之远者也。
夫苟不能自结于天,而欲以区区之智笼络当世之务,而必后世之无危亡,此理之所必无者,而岂天道哉!
Translation:
The people who plan national affairs often focus on the difficult and dangerous aspects while neglecting the easy and common ones. They guard against terrible events that may occur at any time but overlook events that may raise doubts. However disasters often occur during negligence and chaos often arises from unquestioned matters. Is it because they did not consider carefully enough? Everything that can be considered by intelligence is a situation that should occur in the development of human affairs. Anything beyond the reach of intelligence is the arrangement of the heavens!
After Emperor Qin Shi Huang defeated the feudal lords and unified the country he believed that the downfall of the Zhou Dynasty was due to the power of the feudal lords. Therefore he changed the feudal system to the prefecture and county system. He thought that this would eradicate war and turmoil and the emperor's position could be enjoyed for generations. However he did not know that Emperor Gaozu of Han rose in the countryside and eventually overthrew the Qin Dynasty. The Han royal family seeing the isolation and lack of assistance of the Qin Dynasty extensively enfeoffed their brothers sons and nephews as feudal lords thinking that they could share the country and avoid turmoil with their blood ties. However the kings of Wu and Liu Bi and other seven states still harbored the ambition to assassinate the emperor and seize the throne. After Emperor Wu of Han and Emperor Xuan of Han the land of the feudal lords was gradually divided and their power was weakened. They thought that everything was peaceful but they did not expect that Wang Mang a relative of the imperial family would eventually seize the throne of the Han Dynasty. Emperor Guangwu of Han learned from the lessons of the Western Han Dynasty (Emperor Ai and Emperor Ping) Cao Wei learned from the lessons of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Western Jin Dynasty learned from the lessons of Cao Wei. They all learned from the lessons of their predecessors and took precautions. However the reasons for their downfall were beyond their precautions.
Emperor Taizong of Tang heard rumors that people with the character Wu in their names would massacre the descendants of the Tang Dynasty so he had all the suspicious people killed. However he never expected Wu Zetian who served him every day to be the one. Emperor Taizu of Song saw that the military governors in the Five Dynasties could control the emperor so he took back the military governors' military power weakened their strength and made them easier to deal with. However he did not expect that his descendants would gradually decline under the troubles of enemy countries. These people all had extraordinary wisdom and talent. They considered the causes of the country's decline meticulously and took precautions carefully. However while their focus was on one side disasters occurred on the other side and they ultimately could not avoid destruction. Why is that? Perhaps intelligence can only plan for human factors and cannot predict the arrangement of the heavens. The son of a skilled doctor is inevitably prone to illness and the son of a skilled shaman is inevitably prone to death from spirits and ghosts. Is it because they are good at helping others but not good at helping their own children? This is because they are good at planning human affairs but not good at planning for the will of the heavens!
The ancient sages knew the future changes of the country not because they were able to predict the future but because they understood the principles of the heavens and the earth.
《深虑论》译文及注释详情»
这篇赏析是对一篇史论的分析。文章首先指出历代君王在吸取前代灭亡的教训时,往往忽略了一些被掩盖的问题,并将历史的兴衰归结为非人智能所虑及的天意。作者通过列举大量史实,从秦始皇到宋太祖,来证明“祸常发于所忽之中,而乱常起于不足疑之事”的观点的正确性。文章的目的是给明代统治者提供历史教训,使他们深思熟虑,采取相应的办法来实现长治久安。
文章的第一段提到明太祖朱元璋为了巩固和加强统治,采取了一系列改革措施,取得了一些成就。但是,作者提醒明代统治者不能掉以轻心,要注意潜在的危机。接下来的第二段列举了大量史实,从而证明了作者的观点。这些历史经验具有强烈的说服力。然而,令人讽刺的是,就在作者写作本文后不久,明朝就发生了“乱”,明太祖的孙子建文帝即位后发生了“靖难之变”,作者本人也死在其中。这显示了作者对历史的预见性。
文章的第三段是总结,再次点明全文的主旨。作者的语言运用犀利而坚定,既能说理透彻,又能通俗易懂。然而,由于思想上的局限性,作者对“天道”的理解带有一定的宿命论色彩,认为人无法谋天,只能尽人事听天命。
总的来说,这篇赏析对史论的内容进行了分析,指出了作者的立论核心和观点,并对作者的语言运用和思想局限性进行了评价。
《深虑论》赏析详情»
方孝孺(1357—1402年7月25日),是明朝时期的大臣、学者、文学家、散文家、思想家。他出生于宁海,字希直,一字希古,号逊志。他在故乡旧属缑城里,因此被称为“缑城先生”。在汉中府任教授时,蜀献王赐名他的读书处为“正学”,因此也被称为“正学先生”。
方孝孺因其才华和学问而受到朝廷的重用。他在文学方面有很高的造诣,尤其擅长散文。他的散文作品以清新自然、含蓄深沉而著称,被誉为“方派散文”。他的思想深受儒家经典的影响,主张修身齐家治国平天下,强调道德修养和君臣之道。
然而,方孝孺的一生并不平静。他因拒绝为发动“靖难之役”的燕王朱棣草拟即位诏书而遭到朱棣的杀害。这场政治斗争导致了方孝孺的悲剧结局。南明福王时,追谥他为“文正”。
方孝孺的一生充满了荣耀和悲剧,他以其卓越的才华和高尚的品德留下了深刻的影响。他的散文作品至今仍被广泛传播和研究,他的思想也对后世产生了重要的影响。
汉用陈平计,间疏楚君臣,项羽疑范增与汉有私,稍夺其权。
增大怒曰:“天下事大定矣,君王自为之,愿赐骸骨,归卒伍。
”未至彭城,疽发背,死。
苏子曰:“增之去,善矣。
不去,羽必杀增。
独恨其不早尔。
”然则当以何事去?增劝羽杀沛公,羽不听,终以此失天下,当以是去耶?曰:“否。
增之欲杀沛公,人臣之分也;羽之不杀,犹有君人之度也。
增曷为以此去哉?《易》曰:‘知几其神乎!’《诗》曰:‘如彼雨雪,先集为霰。
’增之去,当于羽杀卿子冠军时也。
”陈涉之得民也,以项燕。
项氏之兴也,以立楚怀王孙心;而诸侯之叛之也,以弑义帝。
且义帝之立,增为谋主矣。
义帝之存亡,岂独为楚之盛衰,亦增之所与同祸福也;未有义帝亡而增独能久存者也。
羽之杀卿子冠军也,是弑义帝之兆也。
其弑义帝,则疑增之本也,岂必待陈平哉?物必先腐也,而后虫生之;人必先疑也,而后谗入之。
陈平虽智,安能间无疑之主哉?吾尝论义帝,天下之贤主也。
独遣沛公入关,而不遣项羽;识卿子冠军于稠人之中,而擢为上将,不贤而能如是乎?羽既矫杀卿子冠军,义帝必不能堪,非羽弑帝,则帝杀羽,不待智者而后知也。
增始劝项梁立义帝,诸侯以此服从。
中道而弑之,非增之意也。
夫岂独非其意,将必力争而不听也。
不用其言,而杀其所立,羽之疑增必自此始矣。
方羽杀卿子冠军,增与羽比肩而事义帝,君臣之分未定也。
为增计者,力能诛羽则诛之,不能则去之,岂不毅然大丈夫也哉?增年七十,合则留,不合即去,不以此时明去就之分,而欲依羽以成功名,陋矣!虽然,增,高帝之所畏也;增不去,项羽不亡。
亦人杰也哉!