原文: 将为胠箧、探囊、发匮之盗而为守备,则必摄缄縢、固扃鐍;此世俗之所谓知也。
然而巨盗至,则负匮、揭箧、担囊而趋;唯恐缄縢扃鐍之不固也。
然则乡之所谓知者,不乃为大盗积者也?故尝试论之,世俗之所谓知者,有不为大盗积者乎?所谓圣者,有不为大盗守者乎?何以知其然邪?昔者齐国邻邑相望,鸡狗之音相闻,罔罟之所布,耒耨之所刺,方二千余里。
阖四竟之内,所以立宗庙、社稷,治邑、屋、州、闾、乡、曲者,曷尝不法圣人哉?然而田成子一旦杀齐君而盗其国。
所盗者岂独其国邪?并与其圣知之法而盗之。
故田成子有乎盗贼之名,而身处尧舜之安,小国不敢非,大国不敢诛,专有齐国。
则是不乃窃齐国,并与其圣知之法,以守其盗贼之身乎?尝试论之,世俗之所谓至知者,有不为大盗积者乎?所谓至圣者,有不为大盗守者乎?何以知其然邪?昔者龙逢斩,比干剖,苌弘胣,子胥靡。
故四子之贤而身不免乎戮。
故跖之徒问于跖曰:“盗亦有道乎?”跖曰:“何适而无有道邪?”夫妄意室中之藏,圣也;入先,勇也;出后,义也;知可否,知也;分均,仁也。
五者不备而能成大盗者,天下未之有也。
”由是观之,善人不得圣人之道不立,跖不得圣人之道不行;天下之善人少而不善人多,则圣人之利天下也少,而害天下也多。
故曰:唇竭则齿寒,鲁酒薄而邯郸围,圣人生而大盗起。
掊击圣人,纵舍盗贼,而天下始治矣!夫川竭而谷虚,丘夷而渊实。
圣人已死,则大盗不起,天下平而无故矣。
圣人不死,大盗不止。
虽重圣人而治天下,则是重利盗跖也。
为之斗斛以量之,则并与斗斛而窃之;为之权衡以称之,则并与权衡而窃之;为之符玺而信之,则并与符玺而窃之;为之仁义以矫之,则并与仁义而窃之。
何以知其然邪?彼窃钩者诛,窃国者为诸侯,诸侯之门而仁义存焉。
则是非窃仁义圣知邪?故逐于大盗、揭诸侯、窃仁义并斗斛权衡符玺之利者,虽有轩冕之赏弗能劝,斧钺之威弗能禁。
此重利盗跖而使不可禁者,是乃圣人之过也。
故曰:“鱼不可脱于渊,国之利器不可以示人。
”彼圣人者,天下之利器也,非所以明天下也。
故绝圣弃知,大盗乃止;擿玉毁珠,小盗不起;焚符破玺,而民朴鄙;掊斗折衡,而民不争;殚残天下之圣法,而民始可与论议。
擢乱六律,铄绝竽瑟,塞瞽旷之耳,而天下始人含其聪矣;灭文章,散五采,胶离朱之目,而天下始人含其明矣。
毁绝钩绳而弃规矩,攦工倕之指,而天下始人含其巧矣。
故曰:大巧若拙。
削曾史之行,钳杨墨之口,攘弃仁义,而天下之德始玄同矣。
彼人含其明,则天下不铄矣;人含其聪,则天下不累矣;人含其知,则天下不惑矣;人含其德,则天下不僻矣。
彼曾、史、杨、墨、师旷、工倕、离朱、皆外立其德而以爚乱天下者也,法之所无用也。
子独不知至德之世乎?昔者容成氏、大庭氏、伯皇氏、中央氏、栗陆氏、骊畜氏、轩辕氏、赫胥氏、尊卢氏、祝融氏、伏牺氏、神农氏,当是时也,民结绳而用之,甘其食,美其服,乐其俗,安其居,邻国相望,鸡狗之音相闻,民至老死而不相往来。
若此之时,则至治已。
今遂至使民延颈举踵,曰:“某所有贤者,”赢粮而趣之,则内弃其亲,而外弃其主之事;足迹接乎诸侯之境,车轨结乎千里之外,则是上好知之过也。
上诚好知而无道,则天下大乱矣!何以知其然邪?夫弓、弩、毕、弋、机变之知多,则鸟乱于上矣;钩饵、罔罟、罾笱之知多,则鱼乱于水矣;削格、罗落、罝罘之知多,则兽乱于泽矣;知诈渐毒、颉滑坚白、解垢同异之变多,则俗惑于辩矣。
故天下每每大乱,罪在于好知。
故天下皆知求其所不知,而莫知求其所已知者;皆知非其所不善,而莫知非其所已善者,是以大乱。
故上悖日月之明,下烁山川之精,中堕四时之施,惴耎之虫,肖翘之物,莫不失其性。
甚矣,夫好知之乱天下也!自三代以下者是已,舍夫种种之民,而悦夫役役之佞,释夫恬淡无为,而悦夫啍啍之意,啍啍已乱天下矣!
,大的国家也不敢处罚他,只能专属于齐国。难道这不是窃取了齐国,并且运用了其中的圣明法规来保护自己这个盗贼的身份吗?
故曰:世俗之所谓知者,有不为大盗积者乎?所谓圣者,有不为大盗守者乎?
所以,我说:世俗所谓的聪明人,有没有不为大盗积聚财物的呢?所谓的圣人,有没有不为大盗守卫财物的呢?
In order to prevent thieves from prying open boxes searching pockets and opening cabinets it is necessary to tighten knots reinforce latches and locks. This is what ordinary people call a clever approach. However when a great robber comes he carries the cabinet lifts the box and carries the pocket while running fearing that the knots latches and locks are not strong enough. In this case the so-called clever approach mentioned earlier is actually accumulating and preparing for the great thief. So I have tried to discuss this situation. Are there any worldly clever people who do not accumulate wealth for the great thief? Are there any so-called saints who do not guard the wealth for the great thief?
How do we know this? In the ancient state of Qi neighboring villages were within sight of each other and the sounds of chickens and dogs could be heard from each other. The water surface where fishing nets were spread and the land where plows were used covered an area of more than two thousand li. All the places used to establish ancestral temples and government offices and all the places used to build towns houses states districts townships and villages at all levels were all imitating the practices of ancient saints! However Tian Chengzi killed the ruler of Qi in one fell swoop and took over the entire state of Qi. Did he only steal such a Qi state? He also plundered all the wise laws and systems there. Therefore although Tian Chengzi had the reputation of a thief he still enjoyed a stable position like Yao and Shun. Small countries dared not criticize him and large countries dared not attack him. He occupied the state of Qi for generations. So isn't this stealing the state of Qi and the wise laws and systems there and using them to guard his own thief's body? So I have tried to discuss this situation. Are there any worldly clever people who do not accumulate wealth for the great thief? Are there any so-called saints who do not guard the wealth for the great thief?
How do we know this? In the past Long Feng was beheaded Bi Gan was dissected Chang Hong was disemboweled and Zi Xu was thrown into the river to rot. Even talented individuals like the four mentioned above could not escape being killed. Therefore the disciples of Dao Zhi asked him Are there rules and principles for being a robber? Dao Zhi replied Is there any place without rules and principles? Speculating on what treasures are stored in a house is wisdom; being the first to enter the house is bravery; being the last to leave the house is loyalty; knowing whether to take action or not is intelligence; and distributing the loot fairly afterwards is benevolence. If one cannot possess these five qualities but can become a great thief there is no one like that in the world. From this perspective good people cannot
《胠箧》译文详情»
本篇解析主要讨论了《胠箧》一文的主旨和内容。文章指出,《胠箧》与《马蹄》篇的主旨相同,但更加深刻,并且言辞更加直接。文章分为三个部分进行分析。
第一部分从讨论各种防盗手段最终都会被盗贼所利用入手,批判了当时治理天下的主张和办法,认为这些主张和办法都是统治者和阴谋家的工具。文章着重批判了“仁义”和“礼法”。
第二部分进一步提出了摒弃一切社会文化的观点,将“绝圣”的主张和“弃知”的思想联系在一起。这部分强调了庄子对于抛弃一切文化和智慧,使社会回到原始状态的倡导。
第三部分通过对比“至德之世”与“三代以下”的治乱,表达了对原始社会的政治主张的缅怀。文章认为社会的黑暗和仁义的虚伪,但却没有提出社会的出路。
总的来说,本篇文章深刻揭露了仁义的虚伪和社会的黑暗,但却没有给出解决问题的方案。文章提出了“绝圣弃知”的主张,要摒弃社会文明与进步,倒退到人类的原始状态。这体现了庄子社会观和政治观的消极面。
《胠箧》解析详情»
庄子庄子(公元前369-公元前286年)是战国时期的思想家、哲学家、文学家,也是道家学说的主要创始人之一。他出生在宋国蒙(今河南省商丘市东北梁园区蒙墙寺村),是汉族。庄子的祖先是楚国公族,但由于吴起变法引发了楚国内乱,他的先人迁往宋国蒙地以避罪。
庄子一生中只做过地方漆园吏,他崇尚自由,因此拒绝了同宗楚威王的聘请。他是老子思想的继承者和发展者,后世将他与老子并称为“老庄”。他们的哲学思想体系被学术界尊为“老庄哲学”。
庄子的代表作品是《庄子》,其中包含了许多名篇,如《逍遥游》、《齐物论》等。他的作品以寓言和譬喻的形式,通过描述自然界和人类生活中的种种现象,来表达他对人生、自由、道德等问题的思考和见解。
庄子的思想主张强调个体的自由和自主,他认为人应该追求内心的自在和逍遥,而不受外界的束缚和约束。他提出了“无为而治”、“自由自在”等观念,主张人应该顺应自然,放弃功利和名利的追求,追求内心的平静和自由。
庄子的影响深远,他的思想对后世的哲学、文学、艺术等领域产生了重要影响。他的作品被广泛传播,并被后人奉为经典之作。庄子的思想也对后世的道家学说和中国传统文化产生了深远的影响。
庖丁为文惠君解牛,手之所触,肩之所倚,足之所履,膝之所踦,砉然向然,奏刀騞然,莫不中音。
合于《桑林》之舞,乃中《经首》之会。
文惠君曰:“嘻,善哉!技盖至此乎?”庖丁释刀对曰:“臣之所好者,道也,进乎技矣。
始臣之解牛之时,所见无非牛者。
三年之后,未尝见全牛也。
方今之时,臣以神遇而不以目视,官知止而神欲行。
依乎天理,批大郤,导大窾,因其固然,技经肯綮之未尝,而况大軱乎!良庖岁更刀,割也;族庖月更刀,折也。
今臣之刀十九年矣,所解数千牛矣,而刀刃若新发于硎。
彼节者有间,而刀刃者无厚;以无厚入有间,恢恢乎其于游刃必有余地矣,是以十九年而刀刃若新发于硎。
虽然,每至于族,吾见其难为,怵然为戒,视为止,行为迟。
动刀甚微,謋然已解,如土委地。
提刀而立,为之四顾,为之踌躇满志,善刀而藏之。
”文惠君曰:“善哉!吾闻庖丁之言,得养生焉。
”