原文: 文帝之后六年,匈奴大入边。
乃以宗正刘礼为将军,军霸上;祝兹侯徐厉为将军,军棘门;以河内守亚夫为将军,军细柳:以备胡。
上自劳军。
至霸上及棘门军,直驰入,将以下骑送迎。
已而之细柳军,军士吏被甲,锐兵刃,彀弓弩,持满。
天子先驱至,不得入。
先驱曰:“天子且至!”军门都尉曰:“将军令曰:‘军中闻将军令,不闻天子之诏。
’”居无何,上至,又不得入。
于是上乃使使持节诏将军:“吾欲入劳军。
”亚夫乃传言开壁门。
壁门士吏谓从属车骑曰:“将军约,军中不得驱驰。
”于是天子乃按辔徐行。
至营,将军亚夫持兵揖曰:“介胄之士不拜,请以军礼见。
”天子为动,改容式车。
使人称谢:“皇帝敬劳将军。
”成礼而去。
既出军门,群臣皆惊。
文帝曰:“嗟呼,此真将军矣!曩者霸上、棘门军,若儿戏耳,其将固可袭而虏也。
至于亚夫,可得而犯邪!”称善者久之。
Translation:
In the sixth year after Emperor Wen of Han the Xiongnu invaded the border of the Han Dynasty on a large scale. Therefore the court appointed Liu Li the official in charge of ancestral rites as a general stationed in Bashang; appointed Xu Li the Marquis of Zhuzi as a general stationed in Jimen; appointed Zhou Yafu the Prefect of Henei Commandery as a general stationed in Xiliu to guard against the invasion of the Xiongnu.
The emperor personally went to comfort the army. When he arrived at the camps in Bashang and Jimen he drove directly into the camps and the generals and their subordinates greeted him on horseback. Then he arrived at the Xiliu camp where he saw the officials and soldiers wearing armor holding sharp weapons and drawing bows with arrows ready on high alert. The advance guard of the emperor's entourage arrived at the front of the camp but was not allowed to enter. The advance guard said The emperor is about to arrive. The commanding officer guarding the camp replied The general has ordered that only his commands be obeyed in the army not the emperor's. After a while the emperor arrived but was also not allowed to enter the camp. In this situation the emperor sent an envoy with a token to inform the general saying I want to enter the camp to comfort the army. Only then did Zhou Yafu give the order to open the camp gate. The guards at the gate told the military officer accompanying the emperor The general has stipulated that no carriages are allowed to race in the camp. So the emperor's carriage had to slow down by holding the reins and move forward slowly. When he arrived at the main camp General Zhou Yafu held his weapon clasped his fists and saluted saying A general wearing armor cannot kneel and bow please allow me to pay my respects according to military etiquette. The emperor was moved by this and his expression changed. He bent down and supported himself on a horizontal beam and sent someone to convey his regards saying The emperor respectfully comforts the general. After the military ceremony was completed he took his leave.
After leaving the gate of the Xiliu camp many ministers were deeply amazed. Emperor Wen sighed and said Ah! This is a true general. The previous camps in Bashang and Jimen were like child's play. The Xiongnu could easily capture the generals there by surprise but as for Zhou Yafu could they dare to invade? He praised Zhou Yafu for a long time.
Annotations:
Emperor Wen's sixth year: Refers to the sixth year after Emperor Wen of Han. Emperor Wen Liu Heng the son of Emperor Gaozu of Han reigned from 180 BC to 157 BC (203 BC - July 6 157 BC).
Xiongnu: One of the ancient northern ethnic groups in China.
Large: On a large scale in a big way.
Invade the border: Invade the border.
Official in charge of ancestral rites: An official in charge of imperial family affairs.
Stationed in Bashang: Stationed troops in Bashang. Bashang a place name translated as Bashang was named after its location on the highlands on the west bank of the Ba River in present-day Shaanxi.
《周亚夫军细柳》译文及注释详情»
这篇创作背景主要是关于绛侯周亚夫在担任河内守驻军细柳期间的一段事迹。绛侯周勃是汉朝开国功臣,他与丞相陈平共谋诛杀吕后家族,立刘氏王朝。周亚夫是周勃的儿子,因他的兄长周胜之有罪,被封为条侯,延续绛侯的后代封号。周亚夫历经文帝、景帝两朝,担任过河内郡太守、中尉、太尉、丞相等职务,以善于将兵和直言持正而著名。然而,由于得罪了景帝,他最终被下狱并绝食而死。
这篇文章的创作契机可以追溯到司马迁在《史记·太史公自序》中的说明。他提到,吕后家族威胁到刘氏王朝时,周勃与陈平合谋反击,而周亚夫则在昌邑驻军,以对抗吴楚之兵,战胜了齐赵,同时也被委以梁地的重任。因此,司马迁决定在《史记》中撰写绛侯世家的第二十七篇,来记载周亚夫在河内守驻军细柳时的英勇事迹。
《周亚夫军细柳》创作背景详情»
出,周亚夫对待汉文帝与其他将领的态度截然不同,他对军纪的严格执行和对职责的忠诚使得他在汉文帝心中独树一帜。
文章最后一段则表达了汉文帝对周亚夫的赞叹和对他的深明大义。汉文帝在细柳军营受阻后,并没有生气或责备周亚夫,而是深知他的忠诚和军纪的重要性。他按辔徐行,体现了他对周亚夫的尊重和对军纪的重视。这种深明大义的表现,使得汉文帝对周亚夫产生了深深的敬佩之情。
整篇文章通过对周亚夫治军严明、忠于职守的描写,展现了他作为一个将军的威严和风范。同时,通过与汉文帝的对比,突出了周亚夫的特殊地位和他在汉文帝心中的重要性。这篇文章赞美了周亚夫的品格和才能,同时也展示了汉文帝的明智和善于知人善任的能力。
《周亚夫军细柳》赏析详情»
司马迁,字子长,出生于前145年或前135年(具体年份不可考),是夏阳(今陕西韩城南)人。他是西汉时期的一位史学家和散文家。司马迁以其卓越的史识和才华创作了中国第一部纪传体通史《史记》(原名《太史公书》),被公认为中国史书的典范。
《史记》是一部包含了从上古传说中的黄帝时期到汉武帝元狩元年长达3000多年历史的巨著。这本书以其独特的史识和深入的研究,成为了中国历史研究的重要参考资料。《史记》被鲁迅誉为“史家之绝唱,无韵之离骚”。
司马迁在《史记》中运用了纪传体的写作方式,将历史事件和人物的传记结合在一起,使得读者可以更加生动地了解历史。他通过对历史的研究和整理,揭示了历史的规律和变迁,对后世的历史研究产生了深远的影响。
关于司马迁的死亡年份,具体资料不可考。然而,他的贡献和影响在中国历史学界和文化界中长久地延续下来,他被视为中国史学的奠基人之一,对后世的历史研究产生了深远的影响。
项王军壁垓下,兵少食尽,汉军及诸侯兵围之数重。
夜闻汉军四面皆楚歌,项王乃大惊曰:“汉皆已得楚乎?是何楚人之多也!”项王则夜起,饮帐中。
有美人名虞,常幸从;骏马名骓,常骑之。
于是项王乃悲歌慷慨,自为诗曰:“力拔山兮气盖世,时不利兮骓不逝。
骓不逝兮可奈何,虞兮虞兮奈若何!”歌数阕,美人和之。
项王泣数行下,左右皆泣,莫能仰视。
于是项王乃上马骑,麾下壮士骑从者八百余人,直夜溃围南出,驰走。
平明,汉军乃觉之,令骑将灌婴以五千骑追之。
项王渡淮,骑能属者百余人耳。
项王至阴陵,迷失道,问一田父,田父绐曰“左”。
左,乃陷大泽中。
以故汉追及之。
项王乃复引兵而东,至东城,乃有二十八骑。
汉骑追者数千人。
项王自度不得脱。
谓其骑曰:“吾起兵至今八岁矣,身七十余战,所当者破,所击者服,未尝败北,遂霸有天下。
然今卒困于此,此天之亡我,非战之罪也。
今日固决死,愿为诸君快战,必三胜之,为诸君溃围,斩将,刈旗,令诸君知天亡我,非战之罪也。
”乃分其骑以为四队,四向。
汉军围之数重。
项王谓其骑曰:“吾为公取彼一将。
”令四面骑驰下,期山东为三处。
于是项王大呼驰下,汉军皆披靡,遂斩汉一将。
是时,赤泉侯为骑将,追项王,项王瞋目而叱之,赤泉侯人马俱惊,辟易数里。
与其骑会为三处。
汉军不知项王所在,乃分军为三,复围之。
项王乃驰,复斩汉一都尉,杀数十百人,复聚其骑,亡其两骑耳。
乃谓其骑曰:“何如?”骑皆伏曰:“如大王言。
”于是项王乃欲东渡乌江。
乌江亭长檥船待,谓项王曰:“江东虽小,地方千里,众数十万人,亦足王也。
愿大王急渡。
今独臣有船,汉军至,无以渡。
”项王笑曰:“天之亡我,我何渡为!且籍与江东子弟八千人渡江而西,今无一人还,纵江东父兄怜而王我,我何面目见之?纵彼不言,籍独不愧于心乎?”乃谓亭长曰:“吾知公长者。
吾骑此马五岁,所当无敌,尝一日行千里,不忍杀之,以赐公。
”乃令骑皆下马步行,持短兵接战。
独籍所杀汉军数百人。
项王身亦被十余创。
顾见汉骑司马吕马童,曰:“若非吾故人乎?”马童面之,指王翳曰:“此项王也。
”项王乃曰:“吾闻汉购我头千金,邑万户,吾为若德。
”乃自刎而死。
王翳取其头,余骑相蹂践争项王,相杀者数十人。
最其后,郎中骑杨喜,骑司马吕马童,郎中吕胜、杨武各得其一体。