《田家三首》原文赏析
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tián田jiā家sān三shǒu首
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[táng唐dài代]liǔ柳zōng宗yuán元
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rù蓐shí食xùn徇suǒ所wù务，qū驱niú牛xiàng向dōng东qiān阡。
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jī鸡míng鸣cūn村xiàng巷bái白，yè夜sè色guī归mù暮tián田。
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zhá札zhá札leǐ耒sì耜shēng声，feī飞feī飞lái来wū乌yuān鸢。
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jié竭zī兹jīn筋lì力shì事，chí持yòng用qióng穷suì岁nián年。
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jìn尽shū输zhù助yáo徭yì役，liáo聊jiù就kōng空zì自mián眠。
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zǐ子sūn孙rì日yǐ已cháng长，shì世shì世hái还fù复rán然。lí篱luò落gé隔yān烟huǒ火，nóng农tán谈sì四lín邻xī夕。
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tíng庭jì际qiū秋chóng虫míng鸣，shū疏má麻fāng方jì寂lì历。
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cán蚕sī丝jìn尽shū输shuì税，jī机zhù杼kōng空yǐ倚bì壁。
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lǐ里xū胥yè夜jīng经guò过，jī鸡shǔ黍shì事yán筵xí席。
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gè各yán言guān官cháng长jùn峻，wén文zì字duō多dū督zé责。
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dōng东xiāng乡hòu后zū租qī期，chē车gǔ毂xiàn陷ní泥zé泽。
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gōng公mén门shào少tuī推shù恕，biān鞭pǔ朴zì恣láng狼jí藉。
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nǔ努lì力shèn慎jīng经yíng营，jī肌fū肤zhēn真kě可xī惜。
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yíng迎xīn新zài在cǐ此suì岁，weí唯kǒ恐zhǒ踵qián前jī迹。gǔ古dào道ráo饶jí蒺lí藜，yíng萦huí回gǔ古chéng城qǔ曲。
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lù蓼huā花beì被dī堤àn岸，beī陂shuǐ水hán寒gēng更lǜ绿。
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shì是shí时shōu收huò获jìng竟，luò落rì日duō多qiáo樵mù牧。
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fēng风gāo高yú榆liǔ柳shū疏，shuāng霜chóng重lí梨zǎo枣shú熟。
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xíng行rén人mí迷qù去zhù住，yě野niǎo鸟jìng竞qī栖sù宿。
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tián田wēng翁xiào笑xiāng相niàn念，hūn昏heī黑shèn慎yuán原lù陆。
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jīn今nián年xìng幸shào少fēng丰，wú无yàn厌饘yǔ与zhōu粥。
译文及注释
译文：
天未亮就吃了饭，赶着牛去村东干。
Before dawn I had breakfast and hurried to work in the east of the village.
天刚亮就下了田，直至暮色归家园。
As soon as it was light I started working in the fields and didn't return home until dusk.
木犁翻土札札响，乌鸦老鹰飞不断。
The wooden plow turned the soil with a clattering sound and crows and eagles flew incessantly.
竭尽筋力勤劳动，收点粮食过一年。
I exerted all my strength and worked diligently to harvest some grain for the year.
粮食交尽出苦力，姑且回到空屋眠。
After exchanging the grain for hard work I returned to my empty house to rest.
子孙天天长大了，世世代代亦复然。
The descendants grow up day by day and generation after generation continues the cycle.
烟火人家篱笆隔，相聚黄昏来谈白。
The smoke and fire separate the households by fences but they gather in the evening to chat.
院边秋蝉叽叽叫，无风苎麻正寂寂。
Autumn cicadas chirp by the courtyard and there is silence in the absence of wind.
收下蚕丝尽交税，空留布机斜倚壁。
After collecting all the silk it is all handed over as taxes leaving only the weaving machine leaning against the wall.
乡村小吏夜到来，杀鸡煮饭备筵席。
The village official arrives at night kills a chicken cooks a meal and prepares a banquet.
都说官长心真狠，常有文书来责督。
It is said that the officials are heartless and there are often documents coming to supervise.
车陷泥潭不能出，东乡交租稍延误。
The cart is stuck in the mud and cannot move causing a slight delay in paying the rent in the east.
官府从来不宽恕，肆意鞭打血肉糊。
The government never forgives and mercilessly beats until the flesh is bruised.
千万备好田租赋，免得皮肉也受苦。
Prepare the land rent and taxes in advance to avoid suffering.
交纳新税就在即，唯恐重蹈东乡路。
The payment of new taxes is imminent fearing a repeat of the difficulties in the east.
路上蒺藜满眼生，弯曲缠绕古城壁。
Thistles cover the road winding and entwining the ancient city walls.
蓼花覆盖塘堤岸，池中之水更清绿。
Smartweed covers the pond embankment making the water in the pond even clearer and greener.
此时秋收已完毕，樵夫牧童日暮归。
At this time the autumn harvest is complete and woodcutters and shepherds return home at dusk.
寒风劲吹柳叶稀，霜下梨枣已透熟。
The cold wind blows fiercely and the willow leaves are sparse. The frost has ripened the pears and jujubes.
行路之人迷归路，野鸟竞相寻归宿。
Travelers are lost on the way home and wild birds are searching for their nests.
田家老人笑留我，黑夜原孤独谨慎。
The old man in the field smiled and asked me to stay as the night is lonely and cautious.
幸亏今年收成好，不用担心没得粥。
Fortunately this year's harvest is good so there is no need to worry about not having enough food.
注释：
蓐食：坐在床席上吃早饭。徇：从事，尽全力去做。所务：所从事的农务。
Rù shí: Having breakfast while sitting on a bed. Xùn: Engaging in doing one's best. Suǒ wù: Agricultural work.
耒耜：耕地翻土的工具。这里泛指农具。乌鸢：乌鸦和老鹰。这里泛指鸟类。
Lěi sì: A tool used for plowing and turning the soil. Here it refers to agricultural tools. Wū yuān: Crows and eagles. Here it refers to birds in general.
竭：尽。兹：这个。筋力事：指重体力劳动。持用：拿来取用。穷：过完，度过。
Jié: Exhaust use up. Zī: This. Jīn lì shì: Refers to heavy physical labor. Chí yòng: Take and use. Qióng: Pass go through.
篱落：篱笆。烟火：指人家。这两句是说，篱笆把一家家隔开，傍晚时左邻右舍聚在一起交谈。
Lí luò: Fence. Yān huǒ: Refers to households. These two sentences mean that fences separate each household but in the evening neighbors gather together to chat.
庭际：院落边。虫：一作“蛩”。疏麻：麻名。屈原《九歌·大司命》：“折疏麻兮瑶华。”王逸注：“疏麻，神麻也。”这里泛指一般的苎麻。方：正。寂历：寂静。
Tíng jì: The edge of the courtyard. Chóng: Also written as qióng. Shū má: A type of flax. In Qu Yuan's Nine Songs - Great Commander of Fate it says Breaking the flax oh the jade flower. Wang Yi's annotation: Flax divine flax. Here it refers to general flax. Fāng: Just. Jì lì: Silence.
尽输税：全部拿去交了税。机杼：指织布机。空倚壁：空空的靠在墙边。
Jìn shū shuì: Hand over all the taxes. Jī zhù: Refers to a weaving machine. Kōng yǐ bì: Empty and leaning against the wall.
里胥：乡村小吏。事：备办。
Lǐ xū: Village official. Shì: Prepare and handle.
峻：严厉。各言长官峻：指来的里胥是一批，
Jùn: Strict. Gè yán cháng guān jùn: Refers to a group of village officials who came.
《田家三首》译文及注释详情»
创作背景
这组诗的具体创作年月尚待考证。根据蓉生的观点，从诗的内容来看，这组诗很可能是在柳宗元被贬到永州之后创作的。柳宗元于公元805年（唐顺宗永贞元年）被贬至永州，这使得他有更多机会接触社会底层，进而写出了农民在封建统治阶级的横征暴敛下所遭受的痛苦。也有人认为，这三首诗可能是柳宗元在他在柳州期间投宿在农民家中时所写的。 《田家三首》创作背景详情»
鉴赏
《田家三首》是一组完整的诗篇，通过描写农民的辛勤劳动和封建官府的剥削行为，展现了农村悲惨的生活图景，同时表达了诗人对封建官吏的憎恶和对穷苦民众的同情。
第一首诗以四季劳动为线索，揭示了农民辛勤劳作却无法维持生计的困境。他们的劳动成果被官府以田赋和徭役的形式搜刮一空，无法改变自己的处境，子子孙孙也将继续承受这种悲惨的遭遇。
第二首诗通过具体的事例揭露了封建官吏为催租逼税而威胁恫吓甚至私刑拷打农民的罪行。诗中描述了农民在完成夏税的征敛中被剥削一空的情景，以及里胥在催租时对农民的敲诈勒索和威胁恫吓的情景。农民听了里胥的威胁后产生了恐惧心理，反映了广大农民在封建暴政下的痛苦生活。
第三首诗描绘了秋收后农村的景象，以及诗人因迷路在农家借宿的经过。诗中通过朴素的语言刻画了一位淳朴可敬的田翁老人形象，展现了诗人和农民亲密无间的关系。
这三首诗具有共同的特色。首先，叙事朴实生动，客观真实，通过具体的描写展现了农民的辛勤劳动和封建官府的剥削行为。其次，语言质朴无华，几近口语，体现了田园诗的本色。最后，运用生动的形象描写和对话描写，极富艺术感染力，忠实客观地表现了农村悲惨的生活图景，同时流露出诗人对封建官吏的憎恶和对穷苦民众的深切同情，以及对自己遭贬永州、前途无望的愤慨。
总的来说，《田家三首》通过真实而深刻的描写，展现了农民在封建暴政下的痛苦生活，同时表达了诗人对封建官吏的憎恶和对穷苦民众的同情。这组诗以其朴实生动的叙事方式和质朴无华的语言，成功地传达了对农村悲惨现实的揭示和对社会不公的批判。
《田家三首》鉴赏详情»
柳宗元
柳宗元（773年－819年）是唐代河东（今山西运城）人，他是一位杰出的诗人、哲学家、儒学家和政治家。他被誉为唐宋八大家之一。
柳宗元的著名作品包括《永州八记》等六百多篇文章，这些文章后来被后人辑为三十卷，名为《柳河东集》。由于他是河东人，人们称他为柳河东。此外，他曾担任柳州刺史，因此也被称为柳柳州。
柳宗元与韩愈一起被认为是中唐古文运动的领导人物，他们被合称为“韩柳”。在中国文化史上，柳宗元的诗歌和文学成就都非常杰出，他的地位可以说是一时难分轩轾。
关于柳宗元的出生和死亡，他出生于773年，逝世于819年。