Translation:
Background: This passage is a continuation of the story The Temple Official Meets Duke Wen. Duke Wen of Jin rewarded the people who followed him in his escape but Jie Zhi Tui insisted on not accepting any rewards as Duke Wen did not consider him when distributing the rewards.
Jie Zhi Tui said Duke Xian had nine sons and now only the ruler of the state is still alive. Duke Hui and Duke Huai had no trusted followers and they were abandoned by both the people inside and outside the state. Heaven does not intend to destroy Jin so there will definitely be a ruler. Who else but the person in charge of the state's sacrifices can be the ruler? Heaven has already made arrangements but those who followed Duke Wen in his escape think it is their own contribution. Isn't this deception? Stealing someone else's wealth is called theft so how can they greedily claim credit for Heaven's achievements? The lower officials treat their crimes as righteousness and the ruler rewards these deceitful people. Deceiving each other it is difficult to coexist with them.
His mother said Why don't you also ask for rewards? Otherwise if you die in poverty who can you blame?
He replied If I criticize this behavior as a sin and then imitate it the sin would be even greater! Moreover if I speak words of complaint I should not accept his salary anymore.
His mother said Shouldn't you let the ruler know about this?
He replied Words are the adornment of the body. If the body is going to retire should it still be adorned? This is begging for fame.
His mother said Can you do this? Then I will retire with you. And they lived in seclusion until their death.
Duke Wen of Jin did not find him so he used Mian Shang as his sacrificial field saying Use it to record my mistakes and commend the virtuous.
Annotations:
Duke of Jin: Refers to Duke Wen of Jin also known as Chong'er. He fled and was helped by the state of Qin before returning to Jin to inherit the throne.
Rewards: To bestow rewards for meritorious deeds.
Followers of the deceased: Refers to the officials who followed Duke Wen in his escape such as Hu Yan and Zhao Cui.
Jie Zhi Tui: Also a follower of Duke Wen. He was a minister of Duke Wen of Jin and once cut flesh from his own leg to feed Duke Wen.
Duke Xian: Refers to Duke Xian of Jin the father of Chong'er.
Hui and Huai: Duke Hui and Duke Huai. Duke Hui was the younger brother of Duke Wen and he was the father of Duke Huai.
Placed: Appointed.
Second and third sons: Equivalent to those people referring to the officials who followed Duke Wen in his escape. Sons is a term of respect for people.
《介之推不言禄》译文及注释详情»
终于明白了介之推的忠孝之心。他深感愧疚,亲自前往绵山,希望能够挽回失去的机会。然而,介之推却不为所动,他坚持自己的选择,宁愿与母亲一起隐居山林,也不愿再次为官。这一幕让人们更加敬佩介之推的坚持和忠诚。
介之推的故事在市井中广为流传,人们纷纷为他鸣不平,认为晋文公忘恩负义。一首诗迅速传遍了市井,讽刺晋文公的行为。晋文公听闻后,意识到自己的错误,决定亲自前往绵山,带着大臣们迎接介之推出山为官。然而,赵衰、狐偃等人嫉妒介之推的声望,便献上了奸计,告诉晋文公说只要烧山,介之推必定会下山。晋文公信以为真,四面烧山,大火烧了七天七夜。
当火灭之后,晋文公才意识到自己被蒙蔽了,他深感悔恨和愧疚。然而,介之推却依然坚守初衷,他不为晋文公的道歉所动摇,依然选择与母亲一起隐居山林。这个故事展现了介之推的坚定和忠诚,也让人们对晋文公的行为深感失望。
介之推的故事不仅仅是一个个体的故事,更是一种价值观的体现。他的忠孝和坚持为人们所推崇,也成为了中国历史上寒食节的象征。介之推的故事告诉我们,忠诚和正直是值得追求的品质,而忘恩负义和虚伪则是应该避免的行为。这个故事在历史中留下了深刻的印记,也给人们带来了深思。
《介之推不言禄》理解详情»
《介之推偕母归隐》通过对话的方式展现了介之推的动机和心理。介之推认为晋文公能够重登九五之位是天命的体现,而“二三子”据天功为己有则是贪婪的表现,相当于犯罪。晋文公不以此为奸,反而给予赏赐,导致上下蒙蔽,这让介之推不屑效仿。
母亲和介之推有两次对话。第一次对话是试探性的建议,母亲问道:“何不自己也去求得赏赐呢?否则,就这样默默地死去又能怨谁?”然而,介之推拒绝了这个建议,认为自己已经知道“二三子”的行为是错误的,去效仿只会更加罪大恶极。而且,他已经说了晋文公的坏话,就不能再领取他的俸禄。母亲再次问道:就算不要赏赐,那么让他知道你有功怎么样呢?介之推再次拒绝,认为既然要隐居了,就没有必要追求这样的名声。
这段对话写得十分巧妙,既细致入微地剖析了介之推的心理,又不流于枯燥的说理。介之推藐视富贵,正气凛然,而母亲则不动声色,旁敲侧击,两者的对话跃然纸上,生动地展现了他们的思想和态度。
总的来说,通过对话的方式,本文成功地揭示了介之推的动机和心理,使读者更加深入地了解了他的人物形象。
《介之推不言禄》点评详情»
这篇文章讲述了一个历史故事,故事发生在春秋时期的晋国。晋国公子重耳因为内乱而流亡国外,一路上饥饿难耐。他的随行者介之推为了救他的性命,割下自己的大腿肉煮熟给他吃。重耳后来回国成为晋文公,但却忘记了救命之恩。介之推和他的母亲选择隐居深山。
晋文公得知后派人去请介之推,但他拒绝出来。据传来人纵火烧山,试图逼迫母子下山,介之推和母亲抱着一棵大树,最终被烧死在山上。这一天正是清明节的前一天,为了纪念介之推,人们定下每年清明前一天为寒食清明节,这一天全国禁火,只能吃冷食。
故事还没有结束。晋文公非常悲伤,他砍下那棵大树制成木屐穿上,叹息着说:“悲乎,足下!”据说这成为了“足下”这一典故的来源。
绵山因此成为了一个著名的名胜。从史料记载来看,从三国曹魏时期到元末,历代都曾进行过6次大规模修建。然而,1940年1月10日,绵山被日军战火摧毁。解放后,绵山被山西省政府列为重点风景名胜区,并在90年代进行了全面修复和扩建。不仅修复了被日军烧毁的寺庙,还开发了水涛沟瀑布群和栖仙谷自然风光两大景区。每年寒食清明,人们都会深切怀念介之推的高尚气节。
《介之推不言禄》赏析详情»
丘明(姓姜,氏丘,名明)是华夏人,生于前502年,死于前422年,享年80岁。他是丘穆公吕印的后代。本名丘明,因其先祖曾任楚国的左史官,故在姓前添“左”字,故称左史官丘明先生,世称“左丘明”,后为鲁国太史。
左氏世为鲁国太史,至丘明则约与孔子(前551-479)同时,而年辈稍晚。他是当时著名史家、学者与思想家,著有《春秋左氏传》、《国语》等。左丘明的最重要贡献在于其所著《春秋左氏传》与《国语》二书。
左丘明的《春秋左氏传》是对《春秋》这一古代史书的注释和补充,被誉为中国古代史学的奠基之作。他通过对历史事件的描述和分析,揭示了各国之间的政治斗争、战争和外交关系,对于研究春秋时期的历史和政治具有重要意义。
《国语》是左丘明整理的一部古代国别史书,记录了春秋时期各国的历史和政治制度。这部书对于了解春秋时期各国的政治、经济、文化等方面具有重要价值。
左丘明作为太史,与孔子一起“如周,观书于周史”,他熟悉诸国史事,并深刻理解孔子的思想。他的著作对于后世的历史学、政治学和文化研究产生了深远影响,被后人称为“左丘明之学”。
左丘明生于前502年,死于前422年,享年80岁。他的贡献和影响使他成为中国古代史学的重要人物,被后人尊称为“左丘明先生”。
裴封叔之第,在光德里。有梓人款其门,愿佣隙宇而处焉。所职,寻、引、规、矩、绳、墨,家不居砻斫之器。问其能,曰:“吾善度材,视栋宇之制,高深圆方短长之宜,吾指使而群工役焉。舍我,众莫能就一宇。故食于官府,吾受禄三倍;作于私家,吾收其直太半焉。”他日,入其室,其床阙足而不能理,曰:“将求他工。”余甚笑之,谓其无能而贪禄嗜货者。
其后京兆尹将饰官署,余往过焉。委群材,会群工,或执斧斤,或执刀锯,皆环立。向之梓人左持引,右执杖,而中处焉。量栋宇之任,视木之能举,挥其杖,曰“斧!”彼执斧者奔而右;顾而指曰:“锯!”彼执锯者趋而左。俄而,斤者斫,刀者削,皆视其色,俟其言,莫敢自断者。其不胜任者,怒而退之,亦莫敢愠焉。画宫于堵,盈尺而曲尽其制,计其毫厘而构大厦,无进退焉。既成,书于上栋曰:“某年、某月、某日、某建”。则其姓字也。凡执用之工不在列。余圜视大骇,然后知其术之工大矣。
继而叹曰:彼将舍其手艺,专其心智,而能知体要者欤!吾闻劳心者役人,劳力者役于人。彼其劳心者欤!能者用而智者谋,彼其智者欤!是足为佐天子,相天下法矣。物莫近乎此也。彼为天下者本于人。其执役者为徒隶,为乡师、里胥;其上为下士;又其上为中士,为上士;又其上为大夫,为卿,为公。离而为六职,判而为百役。外薄四海,有方伯、连率。郡有守,邑有宰,皆有佐政;其下有胥吏,又其下皆有啬夫、版尹以就役焉,犹众工之各有执伎以食力也。
彼佐天子相天下者,举而加焉,指而使焉,条其纲纪而盈缩焉,齐其法制而整顿焉;犹梓人之有规、矩、绳、墨以定制也。择天下之士,使称其职;居天下之人,使安其业。视都知野,视野知国,视国知天下,其远迩细大,可手据其图而究焉,犹梓人画宫于堵,而绩于成也。能者进而由之,使无所德;不能者退而休之,亦莫敢愠。不炫能,不矜名,不亲小劳,不侵众官,日与天下之英才,讨论其大经,犹梓人之善运众工而不伐艺也。夫然后相道得而万国理矣。
相道既得,万国既理,天下举首而望曰:「吾相之功也!」后之人循迹而慕曰:「彼相之才也!」士或谈殷、周之理者,曰:「伊、傅、周、召。」其百执事之勤劳,而不得纪焉;犹梓人自名其功,而执用者不列也。大哉相乎!通是道者,所谓相而已矣。其不知体要者反此;以恪勤为公,以簿书为尊,炫能矜名,亲小劳,侵众官,窃取六职、百役之事,听听于府庭,而遗其大者远者焉,所谓不通是道者也。犹梓人而不知绳墨之曲直,规矩之方圆,寻引之短长,姑夺众工之斧斤刀锯以佐其艺,又不能备其工,以至败绩,用而无所成也,不亦谬欤!
或曰:「彼主为室者,傥或发其私智,牵制梓人之虑,夺其世守,而道谋是用。虽不能成功,岂其罪耶?亦在任之而已!」
余曰:「不然!夫绳墨诚陈,规矩诚设,高者不可抑而下也,狭者不可张而广也。由我则固,不由我则圮。彼将乐去固而就圮也,则卷其术,默其智,悠尔而去。不屈吾道,是诚良梓人耳!其或嗜其货利,忍而不能舍也,丧其制量,屈而不能守也,栋桡屋坏,则曰:『非我罪也』!可乎哉?可乎哉?」
余谓梓人之道类于相,故书而藏之。梓人,盖古之审曲面势者,今谓之「都料匠」云。余所遇者,杨氏,潜其名。