译文:
潮廷滥施厚赏收买诸将,中原的财富几乎搜利光。
The court of the Eastern Wu Dynasty excessively rewarded and bribed various generals almost exhausting the wealth of the Central Plains.
诸葛亮斩马谡军令不见,谎报杀死孙歆以邀厚赏。
Zhuge Liang executed Ma Su for his failure to follow military orders and falsely claimed to have killed Sun Xin in order to seek generous rewards.
只要是贤臣在朝来执政,怎能让藩镇割据逞凶狂。
As long as virtuous ministers govern the court how can they allow regional warlords to act recklessly and oppressively?
沧州景州地区战云密布,枯骨已成堆肃杀又荒凉。
The Cangzhou and Jingzhou regions are filled with the clouds of war with piles of bones and a desolate atmosphere of slaughter.
注释:
师:军队。
Shī: army.
东征:指讨伐叛将李同捷的战争。日调:每天征调。万黄金:形容征调财物之多。
Dōng zhēng: refers to the war against the rebel Li Tongjie. Rì diào: daily requisition. Wàn huángjīn: describes the large amount of requisitioned wealth.
几竭中原:几乎竭尽中原的财富。中原,指黄河中下游地区,包括河南的大部分地区、山东的西部和河北、山西的南部。
Jǐ jié zhōngyuán: almost exhausted the wealth of the Central Plains. Zhōngyuán refers to the area of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River including most of Henan the western part of Shandong and the southern parts of Hebei and Shanxi.
买斗心:指用犒赏来收买、换取将士们的斗志。
Mǎi dǒu xīn: refers to using rewards to buy and motivate the soldiers.
马谡(Sù):三国时蜀国将领。228年,诸葛亮出兵伐魏,派马谡为前锋。马谡违反军事部署,失守街亭。诸葛亮按军法挥泪斩马谡了,并自请贬官三级,以示自责。
Mǎ Sù (Sù): a general of the Shu Kingdom during the Three Kingdoms period. In 228 AD Zhuge Liang launched a campaign against Wei and appointed Ma Su as the vanguard. Ma Su violated military deployment and lost the Battle of Jiaping. Zhuge Liang executed Ma Su according to military law and voluntarily demoted himself by three ranks to show his remorse.
孙歆(Xīn):三国时吴国都督。280年,晋伐吴。晋将王濬谎报战功,说己经斩得孙歆首级。后来晋将杜预俘获孙歆,解送洛阳后,才揭穿了事实真相。
Sūn Xīn (Xīn): a commander of the Wu Kingdom during the Three Kingdoms period. In 280 AD the Jin Dynasty launched a campaign against Wu. Jin general Wang Jun falsely claimed military achievements saying that he had beheaded Sun Xin. Later Jin general Du Yu captured Sun Xin and sent him to Luoyang revealing the truth.
鸑鷟(yuè zhuó)阿阁:比喻贤人在朝执政。鸑鷟,凤凰的别名,这里借喻贤臣。阿(ē)阁,四面有栋梁和曲檐的楼阁,这里借指朝廷。古人认为,凤凰飞集于阿阁,朝廷就会有贤相,天下就能太平。
Yuè zhuó ā gé: metaphor for virtuous ministers governing the court. Yuè zhuó is another name for the phoenix here used as a metaphor for virtuous ministers. ē gé refers to a building with pillars and curved eaves on all sides here used to refer to the court. In ancient times it was believed that when phoenixes gathered at ā gé the court would have wise ministers and the world would be peaceful.
岂假:怎能容让。
Qǐ jiǎ: how can they allow.
鸱鸮(chī xiāo):猫头鹰,古人认为它是不祥之鸟,这里喻指叛乱者。泮林:泮宫旁的树林。西周诸侯国设立的高等学府叫泮宫。
Chī xiāo: owl ancient people believed it was an ominous bird here metaphorically refers to rebels. Pàn lín: the forest next to the Pàn Palace. Pàn Palace was a higher education institution established by the vassal states of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
前朝:指汉朝。玄菟(tú)郡:汉代设置的郡,属幽州。郡治在今辽宁省沈阳市附近。这里借指李同捷据以叛乱的沧州、景州地区。
Qián cháo: refers to the Han Dynasty. Xuántú (tú) jùn: a county established during the Han Dynasty belonging to Youzhou. The county seat was located near present-day Shenyang Liaoning Province. Here it refers to the Cangzhou and Jingzhou regions where Li Tongjie rebelled.
骸:尸骨。莽:密生的草,这里形容尸骨成堆,密如草丛。阵云:战云,杀气。
Hái: bones. Mǎng: dense grass here used to describe piles of bones as dense as grass. Zhèn yún: war clouds murderous aura.
《随师东》译文及注释详情»
这篇创作背景描述了唐代诗人李商隐在大和三年(829年)初步平定后,应聘为天平军节度使巡官的经历。在十一月份,他随同节度使令狐楚前往郓州(今山东郭城),途中目睹了战乱后的破败景象,并写下了这首诗。由于诗人是从洛阳前往郡城的,所以题为“随师东”。值得一提的是,当时李商隐年仅十七岁。 《随师东》创作背景详情»
这篇赏析主要是对唐朝政策失误、军纪败坏、藩镇割据和战后凄惨景象进行了批评和描写。
首先,诗的前两句批评了唐朝政府在抵御藩镇方面的失误。为了对抗藩镇,朝廷养了大量的军队,加重了百姓的负担。然而,朝廷对军费的使用不当,滥施赏赐以买取官兵的斗志,结果得不偿失。诗人在这里批评了朝廷对平定叛乱的战争缺乏有效的措施。
接着,诗的三、四句写了军纪败坏的情况。朝廷过于推行厚赂将领的政策,导致将领们对违反军令的人不依法严惩,只知道虚报战功以获取厚赏。这种情况使得军纪败坏,战争的效果无法得到保证。
然后,诗的五、六句写了藩镇割据得以存在的原因。唐朝政治腐朽,宦官擅权的情况进一步发展,他们甚至操纵皇帝废立生死的权力。诗人感叹朝廷不求贤才辅佐,导致藩镇拥兵抗拒朝命。诗中指出,藩镇割据的形成与长期存在,关键在于朝廷内部贤人失位,政事不修。
最后,诗的最后两句描写了战后的凄惨景象。藩镇割据导致了一片群盗杀掠的景象,战后的沧、景地区骸骨遍布,城市空荡荒凉,幸存的人口寥寥无几。这些描写形象地展示了战争带来的惨状。
整首诗中,四句连用典故,比喻恰切,讽刺辛辣,正反相间,对照鲜明。同时,诗人运用了“未闻”、“唯是”、“但须”、“岂假”等词语,使得诗歌的表达方式新颖多变,一气呵成。
《随师东》赏析详情»
李商隐(约813年-约858年),字义山,号玉溪(谿)生、樊南生,是唐代著名诗人。他出生于郑州荥阳,祖籍河内(今河南省焦作市)沁阳。李商隐擅长诗歌写作,他的骈文文学价值也很高,被誉为晚唐最出色的诗人之一。他与杜牧合称为“小李杜”,与温庭筠合称为“温李”,因为他们的诗文风格相近,且三人都在家族里排行第十六,所以被称为“三十六体”。
李商隐的诗构思新奇,风格秾丽,尤其是一些爱情诗和无题诗写得缠绵悱恻,优美动人,广为传诵。然而,他的部分诗歌过于隐晦迷离,难于理解,因此有人说“诗家总爱西昆好,独恨无人作郑笺”,意思是他的诗歌很受欢迎,但很少有人能够解读其中的含义。
由于李商隐处于牛李党争的夹缝之中,一生很不得志。他的作品收录在《李义山诗集》中。李商隐去世后,葬于家乡沁阳(今河南焦作市沁阳与博爱县交界之处)。